;; The procedures for this model have been kept largely intact from
;; the original code written by the student. With advances in the
;; language, this code is no longer at all an optimal way of writing
;; this model. We have kept the original code for research purposes --
;; please do not use it as an example of good NetLogo coding.

turtles-own [ random-no total-ratio step x-zoom x-ave ] 
patches-own [ turtle-quant turtle-bottom ] 

globals  [
  x-ave-glob
  x-scale kx
  y-scale ky
  y-scale-distr ky-distr
  step1 step2 step3 step4 step5 steps total-hops
  ratio1 ratio2 ratio3 ratio4 ratio5 ratios total-ratios
]

;; x-zoom: intermediate variable for zooming
;; x-ave: intermediate variable for average line
;; x-ave-glob: intermediate variable for average line 
;; kx: x axis scaling factor = 2 ^ x_scale
;; ky: normalization factor for the original line
;; ky-distr: normalization factor for the distribution line
;; step1 to step5: step sizes 
;; total-hops: total number of hops for the current setup
;; ratio1 to ratio5: probability ratio corresponding to steps
;; turtle-quant: number of turtles on each patch
;; turtle-bottom: number of turtles on each patch of the bottom line


to setup
  ca  
  set steps sentence hop-1 list hop-2 hop-3
  set ratios sentence ratio-1 list ratio-2 ratio-3 
  cct number [
    set x-zoom  0  
    set x-ave  0   
    setxy 0  (- screen-edge-x) 
    set color red
    set shape  "bunny"
    set heading  90 
  ]  
  set kx  x-scaling
  
;; below is the y-scale factor to ensure that the height of the original line and
;; average line are always about the same height, 90% of the screen height.  
  set ky  (number / (screen-size-y - 1)) / 0.9  
  set y-scale-distr  (screen-size-x - 1) * ky  
  set y-scale  0  
  set x-scale  (screen-size-x - 1) * kx
  set ky-distr  0
  set total-hops  0
  ask patches [ plot-green ]
  define-steps
  define-ratios
end

to go-one-hop 
  hopping  
  plot-violet  
  plot-yellow  
  set total-hops  total-hops + 1  
end

to go
   if hops = total-hops [ stop ]
   go-one-hop
end

to hopping 
  set kx  x-scaling 
  set x-scale  (screen-size-x - 1) * kx 
  ask turtles  [
    ht 
    set-step 
    set x-zoom  (x-zoom + step) 
    set x-ave  (x-zoom / ky) 
    setxy (x-zoom / kx)  ycor 
    st
  ]
end

to set-step  ;; turtle procedure
  set total-ratio  (ratio1 + ratio2 + ratio3 + ratio4 + ratio5)
  set random-no  (random-float total-ratio) 
  if random-no <= ratio1 
    [ set step step1 ] 
  if (random-no > ratio1) and (random-no <= ratio1 + ratio2) 
    [ set step step2 ] 
  if (random-no > ratio1 + ratio2) and (random-no <= ratio1 + ratio2 + ratio3) 
    [ set step step3 ] 
  if (random-no > ratio1 + ratio2 + ratio3) 
     and (random-no <= ratio1 + ratio2 + ratio3 + ratio4) 
    [ set step step4 ] 
  if random-no > ratio1 + ratio2 + ratio3 + ratio4 
    [ set step step5 ] 
end

to plot-yellow 
  locals [ most-turtles ]
  ask patches  [ 
    unplot-yellow 
    set turtle-quant (count turtles-here)
  ]
  
  set most-turtles  max values-from patches [ turtle-quant ]
  ask patches [ 
    set ky-distr  (most-turtles / ky / int (.80 * screen-size-y)) 
    set y-scale  (100 * ky-distr * ky) 
    set turtle-bottom  (((turtle-quant-of patch-at 0 ((- pycor) - screen-edge-y)) 
                         / ky) / ky-distr) 
    if (pycor + screen-edge-y) < turtle-bottom  
      [ set pcolor yellow ] 
  ]
end

to plot-violet 
  ask patches [ unplot-violet ]
  set x-ave-glob  ((( sum values-from turtles [ x-ave ]) * ky) / number)   
  ask patches [ 
   if   ((pxcor = round  (x-ave-glob / kx))   
         or  (pxcor = (round  ((x-ave-glob / kx) - screen-size-x))) 
         or  (pxcor = (round  ((x-ave-glob / kx) - (2 * screen-size-x)))))  
        and  (pycor <= ((number / ky) - screen-edge-y))
       [ set pcolor  violet ]  
  ]
end

to plot-green   ;; patch procedure
  if (pxcor = 0) and (pycor <= ((number / ky) - screen-edge-y)) 
  [ set pcolor green ] 
end

to define-steps 
  if not empty? steps  [ 
    set step1 first steps 
    set steps butfirst steps 
  ] 
  if not empty? steps  [ 
    set step2 first steps 
    set steps butfirst steps 
  ] 
  if not empty? steps  [ 
     set step3 first steps 
    set steps butfirst steps 
  ] 
  if not empty? steps  [ 
    set step4 first steps 
    set steps butfirst steps 
  ] 
  if not empty? steps  [ 
    set step5 first steps 
    set steps butfirst steps 
  ] 
end

to define-ratios 
  set total-ratios 0 
  if not empty? ratios  [ 
    set ratio1 first ratios 
    set ratios butfirst ratios 
  ] 
  if not empty? ratios  [ 
    set ratio2 first ratios 
    set ratios butfirst ratios 
  ] 
  if not empty? ratios  [ 
    set ratio3 first ratios 
    set ratios butfirst ratios 
  ] 
  if not empty? ratios  [ 
    set ratio4 first ratios 
    set ratios butfirst ratios 
  ] 
  if not empty? ratios  [ 
    set ratio5 first ratios 
    set ratios butfirst ratios 
  ] 
end

to unplot-yellow   ;; patch procedure
  if pcolor = yellow 
    [ set pcolor black ] 
end

to unplot-violet   ;; patch procedure
  if pcolor = violet 
    [ set pcolor black ] 
  plot-green
end


; *** NetLogo Model Copyright Notice ***
;
; This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS:
; MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL
; MODELS (OBPML).  The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the
; National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies
; Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612.
;
; Copyright 1998 by Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved.
;
; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted,
; provided that both of the following requirements are followed:
; a) this copyright notice is included.
; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission
;    from Uri Wilensky.
; Contact Uri Wilensky for appropriate licenses for redistribution for
; profit.
;
; This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the project:
; PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN
; CLASSROOMS.  The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the
; National Science Foundation (REPP program) -- grant number REC #9814682.
; Converted from StarLogoT to NetLogo, 2001.  Updated 2002.
;
; To refer to this model in academic publications, please use:
; Wilensky, U. (1998).  NetLogo Binomial Rabbits model.
; http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BinomialRabbits.
; Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling,
; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
;
; In other publications, please use:
; Copyright 1998 by Uri Wilensky.  All rights reserved.  See
; http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BinomialRabbits
; for terms of use.
;
; *** End of NetLogo Model Copyright Notice ***
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TEXTBOX
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GREEN LINE - Starting rabbit position\nPURPLE LINE - Average rabbit position\nYELLOW LINES - Number of rabbits at that position

@#$#@#$#@
WHAT IS IT?
-----------
This model simulates a binomial probability distribution or (in the limit) normal distribution.

This model was created by a student in an effort to make sense of normal distributions.  In particular, he sought to understand  why height is distributed normally in human populations. For a detailed account of this case, see: Wilensky, U. (1997). What is Normal Anyway? Therapy for Epistemological Anxiety.  Educational Studies in Mathematics. Volume 33, No. 2. pp. 171-202. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/cm/papers/normal/.

The procedures for this model have been kept largely intact from the original code written by the student. With advances in the language, this code is no longer at all an optimal way of writing this model. We have kept the original code for research purposes -- please do not use it as an example of good NetLogo coding.

The model works by analogizing height variations to rabbit hops.

A number of rabbits are placed at the center of the bottom of the graphics window.  A move pattern determines the way a rabbit moves.  Each rabbit can choose to hop right or left a certain hop-size. The likelihood of a rabbit following each move pattern is given in terms of ratios.  Each rabbit may have up to five different move patterns.


HOW TO USE IT?
--------------
Setup

Method one (sliders setup): Press SETUP button. This creates the number of rabbits from the NUMBER slider and up to three hops and associated probability ratios from the six sliders above the NUMBER slider.  Each time a rabbit hops, it chooses one of the three moves -- hop-1, hop-2, or hop-3 -- with a likelihood in the ratio of ratio-1, ratio-2, and ratio-3 to each other.  For example, if ratio-1 = 2, ratio-2 = 4, and ratio-3 = 6, the rabbit has a 2-in-12 chance of making the hop-1 move, a 4-in-12 chance of making the hop-2 move, and a 6-in-12 chance of making the hop-3 move.  

Method two (manual setup): In the Command Center, type "setup [number] [list of hops [list of probability ratios]" to initialize the rabbits (e.g. "setup 4000 [1 -1] [1 2]" will set up 4000 rabbits hopping either one unit to the right(1) or one unit to the left (-1) with a chance of hopping to the left being twice as much as that to the right.)  Up to five steps and corresponding probability ratios can be used.

The GO-ONE-HOP button makes each rabbit hop once.

The GO button tells the rabbits to hop the number of times set by the HOPS slider. For example, if HOPS is set to 10, the GO button makes each rabbit hop 10 times.  To stop the rabbits from hopping once they've started, press the GO button again.

There are two scale monitors and one scale slider in the Interface Window.  X-SCALING is used to magnify the width of the screen to facilitate more hops. It is manually set by users with the X-SCALING slider. The setting can be changed as the model runs.  Y-SCALE is used to regulate the vertical scale -- to ensure that the highest yellow distribution bar is always 80% of the height of the screen. This is done at each hop.

The figure inside the "y-scale" monitor is the number of rabbits a screen-size-long yellow line represents.  The figure inside the "x-scale" monitor is the number of steps represented by a full screen. (The rabbits wrap the sceen, so if they get to the edge, you should increase the x-scale.)

The following formulae can be used to evaluate the actual numbers of rabbits or steps hopped:

  Actual Number of Rabbits for a Yellow Line =
  height of line * ( y-scale / 100 )
  (To find out exactly how many rabbits are represented by a line, cntl-click (mac) or right-click(other) anywhere on the line and choose inspect patch from the menu that appears.  The inspector will have a variable "turtle-bottom" which will tell you how many turtles(rabbits) are at the bottom of the line.)

  Cumulative Number of Steps Hopped so far =
  X-coordinate of a line * ( x-scale / 100 )


THINGS TO NOTICE
----------------
The purple average line shows where an average rabbit would be. Observe the movement of this line -- both its position and velocity -- and try to relate these to the settings. 

Play with the NUMBER slider to see if what you predict is what you see when the number of rabbits is small. For what numbers of rabbits are your predictions the most accurate?


THINGS TO TRY
-------------
Try different values for list of steps. What happens to the distribution?

Try different values for probability ratios.  What happens to the distribution?

Is the distribution always symmetric? What would you expect?


EXTENDING THE MODEL
-------------------
Create a plot for 'hopping'. First decide what to plot, and then implement the proper NetLogo plot functions.
Rewrite the model so rabbits take list variables. Are there now new capabilities you can give the rabbits?


NETLOGO FEATURES
----------------
The limitation on the number of turtles constrains the limits of the "number" slider. You can make the corresponding change to the NUMBER slider - select the slider by clicking and dragging the mouse button over it.  Then click on the edit button and change 'Maximum' to the new number. Having more rabbits to jump can be useful for certain statistical simulations.

You can also change the settings to have a bigger graphics window to fit more hops or show very fine distribution diagrams.

Note that since turtles could not have list variables in earlier versions of the language, the global lists steps and ratios are used to hold the movement patterns and ratios. The turtles access these globals to know how to move. (if we were writing this model now, we would not code it this way as turtles in NetLogo can have list variables). The procedures 'define-steps' and 'define-ratios' use the primitives 'first' and 'butfirst'. Both of these are list operators - that is, they operate on lists of things. The 'first' of a list is simply its first element. Likewise, the 'butfirst' of a list is a list of all elements except for the first.


RELATED MODELS
--------------
Galton Box, Random Walk Left Right


CREDITS AND REFERENCES
----------------------
See: Wilensky, U. (1997). What is Normal Anyway? Therapy for Epistemological Anxiety.  Educational Studies in Mathematics. Volume 33, No. 2. pp. 171-202. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/cm/papers/normal/

To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: Wilensky, U. (1998).  NetLogo Binomial Rabbits model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BinomialRabbits. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

In other publications, please use: Copyright 1998 by Uri Wilensky.  All rights reserved.  See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/BinomialRabbits for terms of use.
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NetLogo 2.0alpha1
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